Speech Organisation
We are all familiar with the overall organization of a speech – Introduction, Body, Conclusion. But how do you organize the information within the body of your speech? There are a number of different organizational patterns. Choose the one that best fits the content and the objectives of your speech.
Chronological organization is organization by time; that is, your steps are ordered according to when each step occurred or should occur. Topical organization is used when your central has natural divisions or develops reasons. Spatial organization arranges items according to their location and direction. Cause-effect organization first identifies a situation and then discusses the effects that result from it. Or the speech may present a situation and then seek its causes.
Problem-solution organization discusses why a problem exists and the effects of the problem as well as suggests some solutions for the problem. Usually this format is used for persuasive speeches. Some examples of persuasive speech are:
Protest, Appeal or Call to Action
- Something is wrong. State what it is.
- Why is this wrong? Who is to blame? What harm is done?
- How can this wrong be corrected? Make definite recommendations for changing things for the better.
- What should we do? Tell your listeners exactly what you want them to do, think, or feel.
AIDA Outline
- A – Win the audience’s Attention
- I – Arouse their Interest
- D – Create a Desire
- A – Stimulate Action or Agreement
Borden Outline
Ho-Hum. This corresponds to your introduction. The audience is sitting back, expecting to be bored. It’s up to you to make them sit up and listen.
Why Bring That Up? You must build a bridge to carry the audience. Show that your subject is important and relate it directly to the interest of your listeners.
For Instance. Give the audience concrete evidence – illustrations, facts, and stories. Start your listeners thinking.
So What? This is the call for action. Tell listeners what you want them to do as a result of your speech. Be specific.
Problem/Cause/Solution Outline
- The problem is …
- The problem is caused by …
- Some solutions are …
- The best solution is …
Monroe Outline
Attention. Your opening should seize your audience’s attention, direct that attention to your topic, and make the audience want to listen to what follows.
Need. State the existing need or problem, explaining why it’s important to listeners.
Satisfaction. Here you present your solution to the need or problem. State your proposal and show how it meets the need. Support your opinion with evidence, and, if necessary, overcome objections or opposing solutions.
Visualization. Draw a picture of future conditions. Show how thins will be once your proposal is adopted or what might happen if the proposal isn’t adopted.
Action. Turn the agreement and commitment you’ve gained into positive action or attitude.
A Few Mistakes Conference Speakers Can Avoid
Losing your place in the script
- Number the pages at the top centre.
- Type the text of your speech in at least 14 point Times Roman font, with at least 2 line spaces between each line and 3 line spaces between paragraphs.
- For each new sentence, start a new paragraph.
- For each new line of thought, start a new page. Have the theme in bold at the top.
- Have two pages visible at all times – slide the pages over.
- Rehearse with pauses to let a message sink in.
Seeing a sea of strange faces
- Meet and greet as many people in the audience as possible before you begin, as they enter, or over coffee at a break. That way no matter where you look in the room you will see a familiar and friendly face.
- As you are being introduced, scan the whole room. Get used to the lighting, as well as the location of friendly faces.
Getting tangled in a long sentence.
- One sentence per thought.
- Avoid using “and” or similar conjunctions to join several thoughts in one sentence.
- Very few sentences should exceed 15 words. Most should be under ten. A few should be five words or less, particularly those which introduce or hammer home an important point.
- Full stops are free – use them!
Ad libbing
- The brilliant additional thought that you have at the lectern should not be necessary to make the meaning clear.
- Read through the speech out loud at least ten times before delivery.
Tell them only what they need to know. - Keep in mind that your objective is to tell them some things that they don’t
already know. - A question and answer period at the end can be used to clarify points that need it. Make sure you mention this at the beginning.
Reading from the script
- Never read from a script. Presenters who read word for word from a script lose their audience from the back of the room.
Not knowing how to use presentation and sound equipment
- Check whether you will have a datashow projector and laptop running a Powerpoint presentation, or at least an overhead projector, and make sure you know how to operate it. Ensure the sound equipment is working correctly before beginning.
- Know your material well enough that you can glance at the screen to keep your place.
- If there is something detailed like a formula, put it on the slide or point them to your paper or handout in the conference proceedings.
- Always have a backup plan in case electronic equipment fails.
Source: Toastmasters newsgroup discussion.